Indirect Taxes (Supply Factor)
Taxes on products paid by producers (e.g., excise duty, VAT).
Real World
When the UK government raised tobacco excise duty in 2023, cigarette manufacturers faced higher costs per unit, reducing their willingness to supply at every price point.
Exam Focus
State that indirect taxes raise costs, then explicitly say supply curve shifts left — don't just say 'supply falls' without the mechanism.
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