Vertical Integration
Combining firms at different supply chain levels. **Forward integration:** toward customer (manufacturer acquiring retai...
Real World
Apple's backward integration into designing its own silicon chips (M1, M2) reduced reliance on Intel, cutting costs and boosting performance beyond what rivals using third-party chips could achieve.
Exam Focus
State the direction (forward/backward) and justify its benefit in context — vague answers about 'control' without specifics score poorly.
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