Gross National Income (GNI)
Total income earned by country residents/companies; includes income earned abroad.
Formula
GNI = GDP + Net income from abroad
Real World
Ireland has a high GDP due to multinational profits booked there by firms like Google and Apple, but its GNI per capita is notably lower because much of that profit leaves the country.
Exam Focus
Don't confuse GNI with GDP — in 'analyse' questions, explain that GNI includes overseas income flows, which matters for open economies.
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