HDI
(Human Development Index - already covered).
Formula
HDI = ⅓(Life Expectancy Index) + ⅓(Education Index) + ⅓(GNI per capita Index)
Real World
Norway consistently ranks first on the HDI (0.96), while Niger ranks near the bottom (0.40), illustrating how oil wealth or lack of infrastructure shapes human development outcomes.
Exam Focus
When comparing countries, use HDI alongside GDP per capita to show income alone doesn't capture development.
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