Kernel
Core operating system component managing hardware resources and providing services to user programs. Kernel runs in privileged mode with direct hardware access. Microkernel versus monolithic kernel architectures.
Real World
When you open Spotify on Android, the Linux kernel allocates memory for the app, schedules its process on a CPU core, and manages access to the sound card — all invisibly.
Exam Focus
Distinguish kernel mode from user mode and explain system calls as the bridge — three distinct concepts often tested together.
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