Paging
Memory management dividing physical memory and virtual address space into fixed-size pages. Paging eliminates external fragmentation. Page tables map virtual to physical addresses.
Formula
Physical Address = Frame Number × Page Size + Offset
Real World
A smartphone with 4 GB RAM running multiple apps uses paging to swap inactive app pages to flash storage, which is why reopening a backgrounded app sometimes reloads instead of resuming instantly.
Exam Focus
When asked to 'explain thrashing', define it as excessive page faults causing more time swapping than executing.
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