File handling
Input/output operations for reading from and writing to files on persistent storage. File handling enables data persistence beyond program execution. Operations include open, read, write, close, and seek. Proper file management requires handling errors (file not found, permission denied).
Real World
Spotify saves your listening history to local files so your 'Recently Played' playlist persists even after you close the app and reopen it hours later.
Exam Focus
Always show file.close() in pseudocode — examiners deduct marks for unclosed files even if the logic is correct.
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