Proton NMR
Proton NMR
Formula
Splitting pattern: n + 1 rule (n = number of adjacent non-equivalent protons)
Real World
Anti-doping labs at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics used ¹H NMR to identify banned steroid metabolites in athletes' urine samples by matching splitting patterns and chemical shifts to known reference spectra.
Exam Focus
Always use integration ratios and splitting patterns together — chemical shift alone is rarely enough to assign a structure for full marks.
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