Carbon-13 NMR
Carbon-13 NMR
Formula
δ = (ν_sample − ν_TMS) / ν_spectrometer × 10⁶
Real World
Quality control labs at Cadbury use ¹³C NMR to verify that cocoa butter contains the correct triglyceride carbon environments, detecting cheaper palm oil substitutes by their different carbonyl peak patterns.
Exam Focus
Count the number of peaks to find distinct carbon environments first; match each peak's δ range to its functional group before assigning.
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