Spin-spin coupling
Spin-spin coupling
Formula
Multiplicity = n + 1 (where n = number of adjacent non-equivalent protons)
Real World
MRI scanners in hospitals rely on the same spin-spin coupling principles — radiologists at NHS trusts use coupling patterns in phosphorus-31 NMR to diagnose muscle disorders and monitor tumour metabolism.
Exam Focus
Always state the n+1 rule by name and link multiplicity to the number of adjacent protons, not total protons.
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