Variable oxidation states of transition metals
Variable oxidation states of transition metals
Real World
Manganese dioxide (Mn in +4 state) is used in alkaline batteries by Duracell, while potassium permanganate (Mn in +7 state) is the oxidising agent in redox titrations you perform in A-level practicals.
Exam Focus
When asked to explain variable oxidation states, reference the similar energies of 3d and 4s sub-shells allowing successive electron removal.
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