Born-Haber cycles
Born-Haber cycles
Formula
ΔH°f = ΔH°at(M) + ΔH°at(X) + IE + EA + ΔH°lattice
Real World
The Born-Haber cycle for sodium chloride (table salt, NaCl) allows chemists at companies like Solvay to verify theoretical lattice enthalpies against experimental values, confirming NaCl behaves as a perfect ionic model.
Exam Focus
Draw the cycle with arrows showing direction — examiners penalise reversed signs, so always check whether each step adds or removes energy from the system.
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