81 terms in 3.6
absenteeism
Rate of employees being absent from work (illness, personal issues, disengagement).
Analysing human resource performance
Business Culture Transfer
The process by which an MNC spreads its management practices, values, and working culture from its home country to its i...
Making human resource decisions: improving organisational design and managing the human resource flow
Business Efficiency
Achieving maximum output from a given level of inputs; producing goods or services at minimum cost without sacrificing q...
Chain of Command
Line of authority showing who reports to whom in an organization.
Setting human resource objectives
collective bargaining
Negotiation between employer and employee representatives (unions) regarding wages, conditions, benefits.
Making human resource decisions: improving employer-employee relations
commission
Payment to employees based on sales achieved (percentage of sales value).
Making human resource decisions: improving motivation and engagement
delegation
Assigning tasks/responsibility to employees with appropriate authority.
Empowerment (HR)
Giving employees authority and responsibility to make decisions affecting their work.
External Recruitment
Hiring new employees from outside the organization through: job advertisements, recruitment agencies, universities, netw...
flexible working
Various arrangements allowing employees flexibility: part-time, flexible hours, job-sharing, homeworking, compressed wee...
Formal Training
Structured, planned training programs: induction, on-the-job, off-the-job, apprenticeships, courses.
hard HRM
An approach treating employees primarily as a cost to be managed and controlled to meet business objectives.
hierarchy
Arrangement of positions/people by authority level.
hierarchy of needs
(Maslow - see 1.4).
Human Resources (HR)
Department managing: recruitment, training, compensation, performance, employee relations, legal compliance.
Hygiene Factors (Herzberg)
Job factors that prevent dissatisfaction but don't motivate.
ICT (HR Management)
Use of technology in HR: HR systems (payroll, records), recruitment tools, training platforms, performance monitoring, e...
Induction Training
Initial training for new employees.
Informal Training
Learning through: mentoring, shadowing, observation, experience, peer learning.
Internal Recruitment
Hiring new employees from existing workforce through: internal advertisement, promotion, transfer.
Interview (Recruitment)
Face-to-face or video conversation between interviewer and job candidate assessing: qualifications, skills, personality,...
job enrichment
Enhancing job vertically; adding responsibility, autonomy, challenge.
job rotation
Systematically moving employees between different roles/departments.
Labour (HR Context)
Workforce; people employed to do work.
Labour Exploitation
The practice of treating workers unfairly or unethically — including paying very low wages, enforcing excessive working ...
labour turnover
Rate of employees leaving organization.
Maslow (Hierarchy of Needs)
Abraham Maslow's motivational theory proposing that human needs exist in a hierarchy of five levels: physiological, safe...
matrix structure
Organization structure combining functional and project-based reporting.
Mayo (Human Relations Theory)
Elton Mayo's theory that social factors and group dynamics are the primary drivers of worker motivation, rather than pay...
motivation
Drive/willingness of employees to work toward goals with effort/commitment.
Motivation (Entrepreneurial)
Reasons individuals start businesses.
Motivation Theory (Overview)
Frameworks explaining what drives employee behavior/performance.
Motivator (Herzberg)
Factors causing genuine satisfaction and motivation in work.
Off-the-Job Training
Training that takes place away from the normal work environment, in a dedicated training centre, college, or external ve...
On-the-Job Training
Training that takes place while the employee is performing their normal work duties, typically under the guidance of a m...
Part-Time Worker
Employee working fewer hours than standard full-time (typically <35 hours/week).
Pay (Compensation)
Remuneration employees receive: salary (fixed annual), wages (hourly), bonus, commission, benefits.
Payroll (HR)
List of employees and their salaries/wages.
Performance-Related Pay (PRP)
Compensation varying based on individual/team performance measures.
Piecework
Payment system paying per unit produced/completed work.
Pressure Group
An organised group of people that campaigns to influence business behaviour, government policy, or public opinion on a p...
Product Labelling
Information required or chosen to be displayed on a product's packaging, including ingredients, country of origin, nutri...
Qualifications (Employee)
Formal credentials demonstrating knowledge/skills: degrees, diplomas, certifications, licenses.
recruitment
Process of finding and hiring new employees.
Recruitment and Selection
Combined process of attracting and choosing best candidates.
Recruitment Costs
Expenses associated with hiring: advertising, agency fees, interview time, training.
redundancy
Termination of employment because job no longer needed (not employee fault).
Retention (Employee)
Keeping valuable employees in organization.
Rewards (Employee)
Recognition for performance/contribution: pay, bonus, promotion, praise, development.
Safety (Workplace)
Protection of employees from harm: health/safety regulations, training, equipment, hazard elimination.
Salary
Fixed annual payment to employee divided into regular (usually monthly) payments.
Selection
Process of choosing best candidate(s) from applicants.
Shift Work
Employment arrangement working different time periods (early, late, night shifts).
Skill (Employee)
Ability to perform specific tasks/activities effectively learned through training/experience.
Skilled Worker
Employee with advanced technical abilities requiring significant training/experience.
Social Responsibility (Employee)
Company obligations to employees beyond legal minimum: fair wages, safe conditions, development, consultation.
soft HRM
An approach treating employees as valued assets, focusing on development, motivation and engagement.
Soft Skills
Transferable interpersonal/communication abilities: teamwork, communication, problem-solving, leadership, adaptability.
span of control
Number of subordinates reporting directly to one manager.
Staff as Asset
Viewing employees as valuable resources generating return on investment.
Staff as Cost
Treating employees as expenses to minimize.
Straight Piecework
Piecework system with single rate per unit (no variation).
Supervisory Role
Management position overseeing daily operations/team.
Talent Management
Strategic process identifying, developing, retaining high-potential employees.
Tall Structure
Organization with many hierarchy levels; narrow span of control.
Taylor (Scientific Management)
Frederick Taylor's theory that worker productivity can be maximised by scientifically analysing tasks, selecting the bes...
Team Building
Activities/approaches improving team cohesion, communication, trust.
team working
Employees working together toward shared goals.
Temporary Worker
Employee hired for fixed period (project duration, seasonal, covering absence).
Termination
Ending of employment relationship.
trade union
Organization representing employee interests in negotiations with employers.
training
Systematic development of employee knowledge and skills.
Training Cost
Expense of developing employee skills: trainer fees, course fees, time away from work, materials.
Transfer Pricing
When a multinational company sets the price for sales between its own subsidiaries in different countries — often to move profit to low-tax countries.
Unfair Dismissal
Termination of employment without fair/legal process.
Unskilled Worker
Employee without specialized training; performs basic tasks.
Wage
Hourly payment to employee (or daily/piecework).
Waste Disposal
The management and disposal of by-products, damaged goods, and obsolete materials generated by business activities, in a...
Working Conditions
Physical/environmental factors affecting employees: hours, safety, environment, tools/equipment.
works council
Representative group of employees discussing workplace matters with management.
Zero-Hours Contract
Employment agreement with no guaranteed hours; employee available as needed.