Water has a relatively high heat capacity, buffering changes in temperature
Water resists changes in temperature better than most liquids. This keeps cells and aquatic environments stable when heat is gained or lost.
Real World
The North Sea maintains a relatively stable temperature across seasons compared to land — its enormous water volume absorbs summer heat energy without large temperature swings, protecting marine organisms.
Exam Focus
Link high heat capacity explicitly to hydrogen bonds: energy breaks bonds rather than raising kinetic energy — this mechanism earns the mark.
Evaluation Scaffold
A four-step framework for high-quality evaluation. Use this for 'assess', 'evaluate', and 'to what extent' questions.
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