Indirect Taxes (Supply Factor)
Taxes on products paid by producers (e.g., excise duty, VAT).
Real World
When the UK government raised excise duty on tobacco in 2023, cigarette manufacturers faced higher costs per unit, reducing the quantity they were willing to supply at any given price.
Exam Focus
Always state the direction of the supply curve shift and explain why costs changed — don't just say 'supply falls'.
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