Vertical Integration
Combining firms at different supply chain levels. **Forward integration:** toward customer (manufacturer acquiring retai...
Real World
Amazon's acquisition of Whole Foods in 2017 is forward vertical integration — a tech-retail giant moving toward the end customer to control grocery distribution and cut out intermediaries.
Exam Focus
Distinguish forward from backward integration and evaluate trade-offs; 'assess' questions require both benefits and drawbacks with a justified conclusion.
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